1 INTRODUCTION

1 The background

2 Goals and objectives

I – METHODOLOGY

2 KARST AQUIFER SYSTEMS

1 General properties and vulnerability of karst aquifers

2 Karst in Slovenia with special regard to hydrological systems

1 Alpine karst

2 Dinaric karst

3 Isolated karst

3 Human impact on karst water source quality – examples from Slovenia

3 KARST WATER SOURCES IN SLOVENIA

1 Importance of karst water sources

2 Contemporary drinking water consumption - in southwestern Slovenia

1 Introductory remarks

2 Attitude towards drinking water

3 Water source management and its quality

3 Conclusions

4 PROTECTION OF WATER SOURCES

1 Preliminary note

2 Slovene legislation on water source protection

3 The legislative response to the karst environment

4 Vulnerability and risk mapping as an alternative

5 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT AND MAPPING

1 Terminology

2 The concept of vulnerability

3 Overview of some basic methods

1 The EPIK method

2 The PI method

3 The SINTACS method

4 The Irish method

5 The European Approach

6 The COP method

7 The Simplified method

6 VULNERABILITY MAPPING IN SLOVENE KARST REGIONS

1 Previous experience

2 General methodological problems related to vulnerability assessment

3 A new method proposal?

7 THE SLOVENE APPROACH TO INTRINSIC VULNERABILITY MAPPING

1 Introductory remarks

2 Overlying layers (O factor)

1 Soil sub-factor classification

2 Evaluation of the extremely karstified areas protective function

3 Infiltration conditions (C factor)

1 Integrating hydrological variability

2 Integrating surface waters

3 Evaluation of the slope inclination and vegetation cover protection values

4 Assessment of the C factor

4 Precipitation regime (P factor)

5 Karst network development (K factor)

6 Source protection zones determination

8 THE SLOVENE APPROACH TO HAZARD AND RISK MAPPING

1 Introductory remarks

2 Basic concepts

3 Hazard assessment

1 Hazard weighting

2 Hazard ranking

3 Likelihood of a contaminant release

4 Production of hazard maps

4 Importance of water resource or source

5 Risk assessment

1 Risk intensity

2Total risk assessment

II – APPLICATION

9 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE STUDIED AREA

1 The Podstenjšek karst springs

2 Overview of previous research

3 Geological and hydrological settings

4 Climate conditions

5 Soil and vegetation cover

6 Hydrological characteristics of the Podstenjšek springs

7 Outlining the recharge area of the springs

1 Water balance and hydrograph analyses

2 Hydrochemical and microbiological properties

3 Tracer test findings

4 Delineation of the catchment area

8 Characteristics of the catchment area

1 Detailed structural-lithological and geomorphological mapping

2 Soil and sediment depth measurements

10 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT VULNERABILITY METHODS

1 Overview

2 Application of the EPIK method and results

3 Application of the PI method and results

4 Application of the COP method and results

5 Application of the Simplified method and results

6 Application of the Slovene Approach and results

7 Comparison of the maps and discussion

11 HAZARD AND RISK ASSESSMENT

1 Importance of the Podstenjšek springs for drinking water supply

2 Actual and potential sources of contamination

1 The Šembije village

2 Agricultural activities

3 Traffic

4 Waste material disposal and excavation sites

3 Mapping of hazards

4 Risk mapping

5 Necessary measures for the springs protection

6 Future planning predictions

12 VALIDATION OF THE RESULTING MAPS

1 Reliability of the maps and validation mode

2 Validation of the obtained maps with tracer tests

1 Injection sites infiltration conditions

2 Injection mode

3 Sampling and analysing

3 Results

4 Concluding comment

13 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

1 Significance of the results

2 Applicability of the Slovene Approach

3 Mapping scale

4 New research challenges

1 Dependence of karst aquifer’s vulnerability on the hydrological conditions

2 A holistic validation technique development

3 Integrating exploitation issues

14 VAROVANJE KRAŠKIH VODA – OBŠIREN SLOVENSKI PRISTOP H

KARTIRANJU RANLJIVOSTI IN TVEGANJA ZA ONESNAŽENJE (POVZETEK)

1 Predstavitev problematike

2 Namen in praktična vrednost raziskave

3 Izhodišče za razvoj Slovenskega pristopa

4 Ocenjevanje naravne ranljivosti

1Vrednotenje zaščitne funkcije

2Vključitev hidrološke spremenljivosti ter zaščita površinskih voda

3Vrednotenje nagnjenosti površja in vegetacijskega pokrova

4Padavinski režim

5 Ocenjevanje ranljivosti vodnih virov

1 Razvoj kraškega sistema (K faktor)

2 Določevanje vodovarstvenih območij

6 Analiza tveganja

1 Ocenjevanje dejanskih in potencialnih obremenjevalcev

2 Pomembnost podzemne vode ali vodnega vira

3 Ocenjevanje tveganja za onesnaženje vodnega telesa

7 Aplikacija na primeru izvirov Podstenjška

1Naravne značilnosti zaledja

2Fizikalno-kemične značilnosti izvirov

3Antropogene dejavnosti v zaledju

4Karte naravne ranljivosti zaledja in tveganje za vodne vire

8 Veljavnost kart

9 Nujni ukrepi za zavarovanje in nasveti za prihodnje načrtovanje

10 Sklepi in izzivi za raziskovanje

15 REFERENCES

1 Literature

2 Other data sources